THE METAVERSE IN BUSINESS: A GATEWAY TO IMMERSIVE INNOVATION

AUTHOR – SONALI SHARMA V* & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – SONALI3107SHARMA03@GMAIL.COM

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – MARUDHU.LAWYER@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – SONALI SHARMA V & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN, THE METAVERSE IN BUSINESS: A GATEWAY TO IMMERSIVE INNOVATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 223-231, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The metaverse, a shared, immersive, and interactive virtual reality where users can create their own avatars and environments, is poised to revolutionize the business landscape. By harnessing cutting-edge technologies like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), block chain, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), the metaverse unlocks new avenues for immersive innovation, enhanced collaboration, and revolutionary customer experiences.

This research explores the metaverse’s transformative impact on business, focusing on its potential to create immersive experiences, enhancing customer engagement and loyalty, Foster collaborative environments, facilitating remote work and cross-functional teamwork, Drive business innovation, enabling companies to stay ahead of the curve, Unlock new revenue streams, through virtual goods, services, and experiences.

KEYWORDS: Metaverse, Business Innovation, Immersive Experiences, Virtual Reality, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Transformation, Business Strategy

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, LEGAL PERSONHOOD, AND DETERMINATION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY

AUTHOR – MS. SETIKA PRIYAM* & DR. KUNVAR DUSHYANT SINGH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AUUP, LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AUUP, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – MS. SETIKA PRIYAM & DR. KUNVAR DUSHYANT SINGH, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, LEGAL PERSONHOOD, AND DETERMINATION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 212-222, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The broad adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) across vital domains ranging from autonomous vehicles and financial markets to healthcare diagnostics and legal analytics has exposed significant gaps in our legal systems when AI-driven errors or malfunctions cause harm. Autonomous systems often involve multiple stakeholder hardware suppliers, software developers, sensor manufacturers, and corporate overseers making it difficult to pinpoint who is responsible for a system’s failure. The 2018 Uber autonomous‑vehicle crash in Tempe, Arizona, where a pedestrian was misclassified repeatedly by the AI’s perception module and the emergency braking function was disabled, underscores this challenge: with safety overrides turned off and state oversight minimal, liability became entangled among engineers, operators, and corporate policy not the machine alone.

Traditional criminal law doctrines rest on actus reus (the guilty act) and mens rea (the guilty mind), both premised on human agency and intent. AI entities, however, can execute complex decision‑making without consciousness or moral awareness, creating a “responsibility gap” under current frameworks. To bridge this gap, scholars like Gabriel Hallevy have proposed three liability models—perpetration‑via‑another (holding programmers or users accountable), the natural‑probable‑consequence model (liability for foreseeable harms), and direct liability (attributing responsibility to AI itself if it meets legal thresholds for actus reus and an analogue of mens rea). Each model offers insight but struggles with AI’s semi‑autonomous nature and opacity.

This paper argues against prematurely conferring legal personhood on AI an approach that risks absolving human actors and diluting accountability. Instead, it advocates for a human‑centric policy framework that combines clear oversight duties, mandated explainability measures, and calibrated negligence or strict‑liability standards for high‑risk AI applications. Such reforms are especially urgent in jurisdictions like India, where AI governance remains nascent. By anchoring liability in human oversight and regulatory clarity rather than on machines themselves, we can ensure that accountability evolves in step with AI’s growing capabilities, safeguarding both innovation and public safety.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Liability, Legal Personhood, Actus Reus, Mens Rea, Vicarious Liability, AI Regulation

FREEDOM OF SPEECH OR A LICENSE TO CHAOS? EXAMINING THE THIN LINE BETWEEN EXPRESSION AND INCITEMENT TO LAWLESS ACTIVITY

AUTHOR – KHYATI SINGH, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

BEST CITATION – KHYATI SINGH, FREEDOM OF SPEECH OR A LICENSE TO CHAOS? EXAMINING THE THIN LINE BETWEEN EXPRESSION AND INCITEMENT TO LAWLESS ACTIVITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 196-211, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

While not guaranteed, freedom of speech is a key principle in democratic nations. The essay examines the ethical and legal dilemmas associated with speech that may incite unlawful behavior. It examines the challenging equilibrium between safeguarding free expression and preventing harm to individuals and society by analyzing key judicial rulings and scholarly articles. The study examines the criteria employed by courts to determine if speech constitutes incitement, including the Brandenburg v. Ohio Test in the United States and analogous standards in other jurisdictions. It examines the challenges social media businesses encounter in regulating potentially harmful discourse, as well as the psychological and sociological factors that influence the impact of speech on behavior. This research seeks to elucidate the intricate concerns pertaining to free speech and its potential to incite criminal behavior via the examination of diverse perspectives and case studies. The paper’s conclusion encompasses reflections on the implications for law enforcement, policymaking, and the future of democratic states in the digital era. 

RIGHT TO INFORMATION: A WAY FORWARD

AUTHOR – NIVEDITA SINGH* & MS. MANASVI AGARWAL**

*STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW CAMPUS
BEST CITATION – NIVEDITA SINGH & MS. MANASVI AGARWAL, RIGHT TO INFORMATION: A WAY FORWARD, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 185-195, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT  

A free flow of knowledge is a basic human right. Knowledge cannot be constructed without  information. Acquiring new knowledge equips individuals with the understanding and abilities  they need to thrive in today’s environment. Considering this, it is the government’s  responsibility to keep the people informed. The shift from governance to good governance is  possible if there is a method to expand people’s involvement in government and provide them  with unrestricted access to information. In 2005, Indian legislators passed the Right to  Information Act in response to the need to improve government openness, responsibility,  accountability, and efficiency. This article seeks to illuminate the RTI Act’s guiding principles,  the Act’s relationship to good governance, and the Act’s accompanying challenges. This paper  also discusses corruption in public life and the preservation of personal privacy. The report  concludes with several generalized recommendations for improving the implementation of the  RTI law.

KEYWORDS- RTI ACT, GOOD GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION, AND PRIVACY

THE IMPACT OF GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) IN INDIA

AUTHOR – NITIN SINGH* & DR. ROHIT KUMAR SHUKLA**

* STUDENT, AMITY UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, AMITY UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – NITIN SINGH & DR. ROHIT KUMAR SHUKLA, THE IMPACT OF GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 180-184, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract:

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), which went into effect on July 1, 2017, greatly impacted India’s indirect tax structure. It was implemented with the intention of simplifying the nation’s complicated tax structure into a single system, which would eliminate cascading taxes, establish a common national market, and facilitate corporate transactions. In order to evaluate the impact of the GST on the Indian economy, this essay looks at the objectives, implementation, effects on different sectors, and challenges faced. The paper, which is about 3000 pages long, offers a thorough grasp of how the GST affects sectoral efficiency, tax compliance, economic growth, and the future of tax changes.

DOCTRINE OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT AND ITS RELEVANCE TO INPUT TAX CREDIT (ITC) CLAIMS UNDER GST LAW

AUTHORS – AASTHA DIXIT* & DR. ANUJ KUMAR SHARMA**

* STUDENT, AMITY UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, AMITY UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – AASTHA DIXIT & DR. ANUJ KUMAR SHARMA, DOCTRINE OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT AND ITS RELEVANCE TO INPUT TAX CREDIT (ITC) CLAIMS UNDER GST LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 172-179, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) marked a significant shift in India’s indirect taxation system, especially concerning the mechanism of Input Tax Credit (ITC). While ITC is intended to eliminate the cascading effect of taxes and promote seamless credit flow, refund claims under GST are often scrutinized through the lens of the doctrine of unjust enrichment. This doctrine, deeply rooted in equitable principles, prevents a taxpayer from obtaining a refund if the burden of tax has already been passed on to another party, typically the consumer. This paper explores the legal foundations of the doctrine, its application within the GST framework, key judicial pronouncements, and its impact on refund claims involving ITC. It also highlights practical and procedural challenges faced by taxpayers in establishing eligibility for refunds and proposes legal reforms to strike a balance between taxpayer rights and revenue protection.

SPORTS LAW AND POLICIES: A STUDY IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – ANMOL SINGH, STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN

BEST CITATION – ANMOL SINGH, SPORTS LAW AND POLICIES: A STUDY IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 166-171, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Sport is a physical activity which is played according to a set different sets of rules, whether for the purpose of fun, competition, or both. An activity involving several competitors at once , defined by goal or a certain objective then in such scenario it is essential to regulate those activity in order to keep the a systematic fair play procedure to avoid and prevent unfair tactics and uneven tone. When it comes to sports it is considered as one of the most integral part of India’s cultural heritage. The history of the sports in India can be traced back a long time ago where several sports such as polo , horse riding and many more were actively played and were to be those which res presents and depicts ones elittness and status. Thus , it can be said that sports are those activity which are deeply rooted in ones culture and heritage. Today in this contemprory era , India is one one those nation which has produced significant renowned champions in global sports tournaments and various other disciplines. The glory of Indian sports outshines in the world to its proximity , slowly and gradually India has become one of the global leader in social and cultural heritage.India has produced legendary athletes who have made significant contributions to sports, setting examples for the world with its diverse sporting heritage. Thus, sports in in India is the cornerstone of law that remains a debated topic with many unresolved issues.

Sports law is a legal field that applies to people involved in sports. It covers various areas of law, including contracts, injuries, sponsorships, competition rules, labor rights, trademarks, discrimination, criminal matters, and taxes. Some laws depend on an athlete’s status, while others vary based on the sport.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA

AUTHOR – ANKITA BISWAS, LLM (CRIM.LAW) SCHOLAT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – ANKITA BISWAS, A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 157-165, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Incidents of police brutality frequently dominate news headlines and invite sharp public criticism. Allegations of excessive violence by police forces have emerged from nearly every corner of India. This often leads to the damaging perception that the police force is overrun by individuals who derive satisfaction from inflicting pain and suffering. However, this generalization is misleading. Many police officers carry out their duties with considerable dedication, enduring immense pressure and stress associated with their roles. Despite stringent rules laid down in official police manuals that explicitly prohibit the misuse of power, some officers still resort to extreme and unlawful methods, believing they can evade accountability. The culture of protection by both seniors and subordinates only strengthens this dangerous assumption, resulting in deaths in custody that often generate more controversy than concrete justice.

The 1977 National Police Commission conducted investigations into custodial abuses across nine states and discovered police involvement in a majority of the cases—out of 432 administrative inquiries, police culpability was confirmed in 23 of 37 cases examined by two external agencies and in 11 of 17 administrative probes. The Commission recommended that custodial death cases should not require dual judicial inquiries. This research seeks to examine the issue of custodial violence from multiple dimensions.

Custodial violence includes all forms of abuse that occur or judicial institutions. It encompasses not just physical torture but also custodial rape and unexplained deaths. This issue is not new to the Indian context. Provisions such as are meant to prevent police from using unlawful means during interrogation. Nonetheless, custodial torture continues. The NHRC’s 1993 guidelines require every custodial death or rape to be reported within 24 hours. The report must include a post-mortem video recording, autopsy report, and medical details—even in cases of natural death or illness. Apart from torture, deaths occur due to disease, suicide, and inmate-on-inmate violence, with around 20% attributed to medical negligence and poor prison conditions.

Key service deficits—like inadequate healthcare, poor nutrition, and lack of trained personnel worsen the situation. For meaningful reform, proper oversight and accountability within police forces are essential. Human rights training and adequate staffing, especially medical and female officers, are critical. The NHRC has urged that state Human Rights Cells become more proactive in ensuring healthcare and dignity in prison systems. Such incidents of custodial death are not only a national shame democracy. Global awareness and pressure standards are steadily increasing.

MATERNAL AND PATERNAL LEAVE LAWS: BALANCING FAMILY LIFE AND CAREER IN WORK PLACE

AUTHOR – DISHA DEEP SRIVASTAVA* & MANASVI AGARWAL**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – DISHA DEEP SRIVASTAVA & MANASVI AGARWAL, MATERNAL AND PATERNAL LEAVE LAWS: BALANCING FAMILY LIFE AND CAREER IN WORK PLACE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 144-156, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract:

“This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of labour law in India, emphasizing its foundational role in shaping the dynamics between employers and employees within a rapidly evolving industrial landscape. It examines the historical development of labour legislation in India, tracing its roots to colonial times and analysing how post-independence constitutional mandates have reinforced the principles of social justice, dignity of labour, and economic democracy. The paper underscores the significance of labour laws in ensuring humane working conditions, preventing exploitation, and promoting industrial harmony. Additionally, it critically assesses the impact of globalization, liberalization, and privatization on the labour market and the subsequent legislative reforms aimed at balancing economic development with workers’ rights. The role of judicial activism in interpreting and expanding the scope of labour rights is also explored, highlighting landmark judgments that have contributed to the strengthening of labour jurisprudence. Ultimately, the paper argues for a more inclusive and adaptable legal framework that responds to the changing nature of work in the 21st century.”

Keywords:
Labour Law, Social Justice, Industrial Relations, Employer-Employee Relationship, Economic Democracy, Constitution of India, Workers’ Rights, Labour Legislation, Globalization, Judicial Actvism, Legal Reforms, Industrial Harmony, Labour Jurisprudence, Dignity of Labour.

MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION IN CHILD CUSTODY DISPUTES

AUTHOR – SONAKSHI AGARWAL, STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW , KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SONAKSHI AGARWAL, MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION IN CHILD CUSTODY DISPUTES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 131-109, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Mediation

History of Mediation

Historical perspective: In a global sense, mediation dates back to ancient Greece and Roman civilisation, when village elders mediated local disputes. China, Japan, and other Asian countries have also employed mediation to resolve conflicts. Mediation has grown in popularity in the United States and Europe over the last few decades, thanks to judicial system improvements. Since ancient times, India has had ‘Panchayat systems’ in which respected and trustworthy elders from villages resolved community problems. Business groups had ‘Mahajans’ who assisted in mediating and resolving business conflicts. The same tribes used ‘Panch’ or ‘wise person’ to settle conflicts. Such systems continue to be implemented in several parts of India. Mediation resembles these techniques.